Sarcopenia and clinical presentation

Abstract

Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive generalized loss of muscle function, quality, strength and mass. Although it is known as a primary geriatric disease, it may also develop in younger individuals secondary to immobilization, malnutrion and cachexia. The exact etiology is unknown, but the most commonly suggested contributory factors are a decrease in protein synthesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen products, chronic inflammation, nutritional deficiency, loss of perfusion, age-related neuromuscular alterations, decrease in sex hormone, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and vitamin D levels together with physical inactivity. There are severe negative effects on quality of life and the individual’s socio-economic status and thus, sarcopenia is a significant public health problem. Sarcopenia is strongly correlated with the increased fragility that develops in the elderly and is a significant risk factor and also an indicator of disability and mortality. The evaluation of muscle strength and physical performance is mandatory for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Despite the lack of a definitive treatment method, the most commonly accepted approaches include physical activity, nutritional supplementation therapy, and hormonal and new pharmacological agents. In this review sarcopenia, which is a common but sometimes misdiagnosed condition in clinical practice, is discussed in the light of current knowledge.