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Increasing anthropogenic pressure and the effects of climatic change on aquatic ecosystem tolerances and functions require an understanding of ecological processes. It is important to control environmental limiting factors to maintain the ecosystem balance. Therefore, positive and negative feedback mechanisms at the habitats are critical control systems. Biomonitoring is a necessary step to observe the ecological effects caused by environmental change. It is essential to consider that the primary producer community changes quickly as a response to changes in water quality. Phytoplankton and algae components (e.g., pigment, population dynamics, and community composition) provide more evidence concerning alterations in water quality. Long-term, standardized measurement and observation are evaluated to define the ecosystem state and studies can be grouped as chemical monitoring, toxicity monitoring, and ecosystem monitoring processes. Holistic biological monitoring studies for water quality and ecosystem sustainability provide valuable information for environmental deterioration, and balance based on temporal variation. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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