Objective:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and comorbidities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by evaluating a large-scale nation-wide sample of children.
Method:
The inclusion criterion was being enrolled as a 2nd, 3rd, or 4th-grade student. A semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL), DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders, and assessment of impairment (by both parents and teachers) were applied to 5,842 participants.
Results:
The prevalence of ADHD was 19.5% without impairment and 12.4% with impairment. Both ADHD with and without impairment groups had similar psychiatric comorbidity rates except for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) diagnoses. Impairment in the ADHD group resulted in significantly higher ODD and CD diagnoses.
Conclusion:
Even when impairment is not described, other psychiatric disorders accompany the diagnosis of ADHD and may cause impairment in the future. Impairment in the diagnosis of ADHD significantly increases the likelihood of ODD and CD.
C1 [Ercan, Eyup Sabri] Ege Univ, Izmir, Turkey.
[Unsel-Bolat, Gul] Balikesir Univ, Balikesir, Turkey.
[Tufan, Ali Evren] Abant Izzet Baysal Univ, Bolu, Turkey.
[Karakoc Demirkaya, Sevcan] Istanbul Gelisim Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Bilac, Oznur; Yalin Sapmaz, Sermin; Kandemir, Hasan] Celal Bayar Univ, Manisa, Turkey.
[Celik, Goncagul; Yolga Tahiroglu, Aysegul] Cukurova Univ, Adana, Turkey.
[Kilic, Birim Gunay] Ankara Univ, Ankara, Turkey.
[Akyol Ardic, Ulku; Yulaf, Yasemin] Private Clin, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Aksu, Hatice] Adnan Menderes Univ, Aydin, Turkey.
[Karacetin, Gul] Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Training & Res Hosp, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Tural, Umit] Nathan S Kline Inst, New York, NY USA.
[Aktepe, Evrim] Suleyman Demirel Univ, Isparta, Turkey.
[Rodopman Arman, Ayse; Perdahli Fis, Nese] Marmara Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Basgul, Senem] Hasan Kalyoncu Univ, Gaziantep, Turkey.
[Coskun, Murat] Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Dursun, Onur Burak] Univ Hlth Sci, Trabzon, Turkey.
[Durukan, Ibrahim] Gulhane Training & Res Hosp, Ankara, Turkey.
[Gokcen, Cem] Gaziantep Univ, Gaziantep, Turkey.
[Sari Gokten, Emel] Uskudar Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Gorker, Isik] Trakya Univ, Edirne, Turkey.
[Gormez, Vahdet] Medeniyet Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Yildiz Gundogdu, Ozlem; Cakin Memik, Nursu] Kocaeli Univ, Kocaeli, Turkey.
[Hesapcioglu, Selma Tural; Uneri, Ozden] Yildirim Beyazit Univ, Ankara, Turkey.
[Mutluer, Tuba] Koc Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
[Nasiroglu, Serhat] Akdeniz Univ, Antalya, Turkey.
[Ozcan, Ozlem] Inonu Univ, Malatya, Turkey.
[Sahin, Nilfer] Mugla Sitki Kocman Univ, Mugla, Turkey.
[Toros, Fevziye] Mersin Univ, Mersin, Turkey.
[Percinel Yazici, Ipek; Yazici, Kemal Utku] Firat Univ, Elazig, Turkey.
[Yuksel, Tugba] Dicle Univ, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
[Bilgic, Ayhan] Necmettin Erbakan Univ, Konya, Turkey.
[Altun, Hatice] Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
[Akdemir, Devrim; Foto Ozdemir, Dilsad; Unal, Fatih] Hacettepe Univ, Ankara, Turkey.
[Mazlum, Betul] Acibadem Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.